72

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3 Fundamentals of the Formation of Biosignals

Fig. 3.15: Potential differences between the left (point L) and right (point R) arms and a foot (point

F) as projections of the heart vector to form the ECG electrodes according to Einthoven; where the

signal waveforms UI, UII and UIII are obtained by forming the difference between the potentials

ΦL, ΦR and ΦF.

Fig. 3.16: Standard ECG with 12 leads for a young man generated with the freeware ECGSIM [55] from

Nijmegen University (VI, VII, VIII after Einthoven, aVL, aVR, aVF after Goldberger and V1 to V6 after

Wilson).